MUSEUM HISTORY

 

                  

                      UNDERSTAND BY MUSEUM AND TYPES OF MUSEUM

           

                    A MUSEUM IS A 'PERMANENT INSTITUTION IN THE SERVICE OF SOCIETY AND OF ITS DEVELOPMENT, OPEN TO THE PUBLIC, WHICH ACQUIRES, CONSERVES, RESEARCHES, COMMUNICATES AND EXHIBITS THE TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE OF HUMANITY AND ITS ENVIROMENT, FOR THE PURPOSE OF EDUCATION, STUDY, AND ENJOYMENT,' AS DEFINED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF MUSEUM. THE UK MUSEUM ASSOCIATION DEFINITION (ADOPTED 1998) IS :

                "MUSEUM ENABLE PEOPLE TO EXPLORE COLLECTIONS FOR INSPIRATION, LEARNING, AND ENJOYMENT. THEY ARE INSTITUTIONS THAT COLLECT, SAFEGUARD AND MAKE ACCESSIBLE ARTIFACTS AND SPECIMENS, WHICH THEY HOLD IN TRUST FOR SOCIETY". THERE ARE TEN OF THOUSANDS OF MUSEUMS ALL OVER THE WORLD. THERE ARE VERY MANY TYPES OF MUSEUMS, FROM VERY LARGE COLLECTIONS IN MAJOR CITIES, COVERING MANY OF THE CATEGORIES BELOW, TO VERY SMALL MUSEUM COVERING EITHER A PARTICULAR LOCATION IN A GENERAL WAY, OR A PARTICULAR SUBJECT, SUCH AN INDIVIDUAL NOTABLE PERSON.

                  CATEGORIES INCLUDE: FINE ARTS, APPLIED ARTS, CRAFT, ARCHAEOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ETHNOLOGY, HISTORY, CULTURAL HISTORY, MILITARY HISTORY, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, CHILDREN'S MUSEUMS, NATURAL HISTORY, NUMISMATICS, BOTANICAL AND ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS AND PHILATELY. WITHIN THESE CATEGORIES MANY MUSEUM SPECIALIZE FURTHER, E.G. MUSEUMS OF MODERN ART, LOCAL HISTORY, AVIATION HISTORY, AGRICULTURE OR GEOLOGY. A MUSEUM NORMALLY HOUSES A CORE COLLECTION OF IMPORTANT SELECTED OBJECTS IN ITS FIELD. OBJECTS ARE FORMALLY OCCASIONED BY BEING REGISTERED IN THE MUSEUM'S COLLECTION WITH AN ARTIFACT NUMBER AND DETAIL RECORDED ABOUT THEIR PROVENANCE. THE PERSONS IN CHARGE OF THE COLLECTION AND OF THE EXHIBITS ARE KNOWN AS CURATORS.

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                   ART MUSEUMS : AN ART MUSEUM, ALSO KNOWN AS AN ART GALLERY, IN A SPACE FOR THE EXIBITION OF ART, USUALLY VISUAL ART, AND USUALLY PRIMILARILY PAINTINGS, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND SCULPTURE. COLLECTIONS OF DRAWINGS AND OLD MASTER PRINTS ARE OFTEN NOT DISPLAYED ON THE WALLS, BUT KEPT IN A PRINT ROOM. THERE MAY BE COLLECTIONS OF APPLIED ART, INCLUDING CERAMICS, METALWORKS, FURNITURE, ARTIST'S BOOKS AND OTHER TYPES OF OBJECT.

                  THE FIRST PUBLICITY OWNED MUSEUM IN EUROPE WAS THE AMERBACH-CABINET IN BASEL, ORIGINALLY A PRIVATE COLLECTION SOLD TO THE CITY IN 1661 AND PUBLIC SINCE 1671 (NOW KUNSTMUSEUM BASEL). THE UFFIZI GALLERY IN FLORENCE WAS INITIALLY CONCEIVED AS A PALACE  FOR THE OFFICES OF FLORENTIAN MAGISTRATES (HENCE THE NAME), IT LATER EVOLVED INTO A DISPLAY PLACE FOR MANY OF THE PAINTINGS AND SCULPTURE COLLECTED BY THE MEDICI FAMILY OR COMMISSIONED BY THEM. AFTER THE HOUSE OF MEDICI WAS EXTINGUISHED, THE ART TREASURES REMAINED IN FLORENCE, FORMING ONE OF THE FIRST MODERN MUSEUMS. THE GALLERY HAD BEEN OPEN TO VISITORS BY REQUEST SINCE THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY, AND IN 1765 IT WAS OFFICIALLY OPENED TO THE PUBLIC.

          

                   ANOTHER EARLY PUBLIC MUSEUM WAS THE BRITISH MUSEUM IN LONDON, WHICH OPENED TO THE PUBLIC IN 1959. IT WAS A "UNIVERSAL MUSEUM" WITH VERY VARIED COLLECTIONS COVERING ART, APPLIED ART, ARCHAOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, HISTORY, AND SCIENCE, AND A LIBERARY. THE SCIENCE COLLECTIONS, LIBRARY, PAINTINGS AND MODERN SCULPTURE HAVE SINCE BEEN FOUND SEPARATE HOMES, LEAVING HISTORY, ARCHAOLOGY, NON-EUROPEAN AND PRE-RENAINSSANCE ART, AND PRINTS AND DRAWINGS. 

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                  THE SPECIALISED ART MUSEUM IS CONSIDERED A FAIRLY MODERN INVENTION, THE FIRST BEING THE HERMITAGE IN SAINT PETERSBURG WHICH WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1764. THE LOUVRE IN PARIS, FRANCE WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1793, SOON AFTER THE FRENCH REVOLUTION WHEN THE ROYAL TREASURES WERE DECLARED FOR THE PEOPLE. THE CZARTORYSKI MUSEUM IN ERAKOW WAS ESTABLISED IN 1796 BY PRINCESS LZABELA CZATORYSKA. THIS SHOWED THE BEGINNINGS OF REMOVING ART COLLECTIONS FROM THE PRIVATE DOMAIN OF ARISTOCRACY AND THE WEALTHY INTO THE PUBLIC SPHERE, WHERE THEY WERE SEEN AS SITES FOR EDUCATING THE MASSES IN TASTE AND CULTURAL REFINEMENT.

               HISTORY MESEUMS COVER THE KNOWLEDGE OF HISTORY AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE PRESENT AND FUTURE. SOME COVER SPECIALIZED CURATORIAL ASPECTS OF HISTORY OR A PARTICULAR LOCALTY, OTHERS ARE MORE GENERAL. SUCH MUSEUMS CONTAIN A WIDE RANGE OF OBJECTS, INCLUDING DOCUMENTS, ARTIFACTS OF ALL KINDS, ART, ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS. ANTIQUITIES MUSEUMS SPECIALIZE IN MORE ARCHEOLOGICAL FINDINGS.

                 THE COMMON TYPE OF HISTORY MUSEUM IS A HISTORIC HOUSE. A HISTORIC HOUSE MAY BE A BUILDING OF SPECIAL ARCHETECHTURAL INTEREST, THE BIRTH PLACE OR HOME OF A FAMOUS PERSON, OR A HOUSE WITH AN INTESRESTING HISTORY. HISTORIC SITES CAN ALSO BEOME MUSEUMS, PARTICULARLY THOSE THAT MARK PUBLIC CRIMES, SUCH AS TUOL SLENG OR ROBBERN ISLAND. ANOTHER TYPE OF HISTORY MUSEUM IS A LIVING MUSEUM. A LIVING MUSEUM IS WHERE PEOPLE RECREATE A TIME PERIOD TO THE FULLEST EXTENT, INCLUDING BUILDINGS, CLOTHES AND LANGUAGE. IT IS A SIMILAR TO HISTORICAL REENACTMENT.

                   MARITIME MUSEUMS : MARITIME MUSEUMS SPECIALIZE INT HE DISPLAY OF OBJECTS RELATING TO SHIPS AND TRAVEL SEAS AND LAKES. THEY MAY INCLUDE A HISTORIC SHIP (OR A REPLICA) MADE ACCESSIBLE AS A MUSEUM SHIP.

                     MOBILE MUSEUM : MOBILE MUSEUM IS A TERM APPLIED TO MUSEUMS THAT MAKE EXHIBITIONS FROM A VEHICLE, SUCH AS A VAN. SOME INTITUTIONS, SUCH AS ST.VITAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND THE WALKER ART CERTER, USE THE TERM TO REFER TO A PORTION OF THEIR COLLECTION THAT TRAVELS TO SITES AWAY FROM THE MUSEUM FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES. OTHER MOBILE MUSEUMS HAVE NO "HOME SITE" AND USE TRAVEL AS THEIR EXCLUSIVE MEANS OR PRESENTATION.

 

                  NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUMS : MUSEUMS OF NATURAL HISTORY AND NATURAL SCIENCE TYPICALLY EXHIBIT OF THE NATURAL WORLD. THE FOCUS LIES ON NATURE AND CULTURE. EXHIBITIONS MAY EDUCATE THE MASSES ABOUT DINOSAURS, ANCIENT HISTORY, AND ANTHROPOLOGY. EVOLUTION, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, AND BIODIVERSITY ARE MAJOR AREAS IN NATURAL SCIENCE MUSEUMS. NOTABLE MUSUEMS OF THIS TYPE INCLUDE THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM NATIONAL D' HISTOIRE NATURELLE IN PARIS, THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION'S NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY IN WASHINGTON, D.C, THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY IN NEW YORK CITY, THE ROYAL TYRRELL MUSEUM OF PALAEONTOLOGY IN DRUMHELLER, ALBERTA, AND THE FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY IN CHICAGO.

                      OPEN AIR MUSEUM : OPEN AIR MUSEUM COLLECT AND RE-ERECT OLD BUILDINGS AT LARGE OUTDOOR SITES, USUALLY IN SETTINGS OF RE-CREATED LANDSCAPE OF THE PAST. THE FIRST ONE WAS KING FOLKESMUSEUM. IN 1891 ARTHUR HAZELIUS FOUNDED THE SKANSEN IN STOCKHOLM, WHICH BECAME THE MODEL FOR SUBSEQUENT OPEN AIR MUSEUMS IN NORTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPE, AND EVENTUALLY IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD. MOST OPEN AIR MUSEUMS ARE LOCATED IN REGIONS WHERE WOODEN ARCHETECTURE PREVAIL, AS WOODEN STRUCTURES MAY BE TRANSLOCATED WITHOUT SUBSTANTIAL LOSS OF AUTHENTICITY. A MORE RECENT BUT RELEASED IDEA IS REALIZED IN ECOMUSEUMS, WHICH ORIGINATED IN FRANCE.

                    

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