HOW TO MAKE YOUR MEANING CLEAR
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"BE BRIEF, BE POINTED, LET YOUR STAND LUCID IN ORDER, SOLID AND AT HAND, SPEND YOUR WORDS ON TRIFLES BUT CONDENSE, STRIKE WITH THE MASS OF THOUGHT, NOT DROPS OF SENSE, PRESS TO THE CLOSE WITH VIGOR, ONCE BEGUN, AND LEAVE - HOW THE TASK"
A FAMOUS ENGLISH BISHOOP, DURING THE LAST WAR, SPOKE TO SOME UNLETTERED NEGRO TROOPS. THEY WERE ON THEIR WAY TO THE TRENCHES, BUT A VERY SMALL PERCENTAGE OF THEM HAD ANY ADEQUATE IDEA THEY WERE BEING SENT. I KNOW, I QUESTINED THEM. YET THE LORD BISHOP TALKED TO THESE NEGROES ABOUT "INTERNATIONAL AMITY" AND "SERVIA'S RIGHT TO A PLACE IN THE SUN".
WHY, THE HALF OF THE THOSE NEGROES DID NOT KNOW WHETHER SERVIA WAS A TOWN OR A DISEASE. HE MIGHT A SONOROUS EULOGY ON THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS. HOWEVER, NOT A SINGLE TROOPER LET THE HALL WHILE HE WAS SPEAKING, THE MILITRAY POLICE WITH REVOLVES WERE STATIONED AT EVERY EXIT TO PREVENT THAT CONSUMMATION.
I DO NOT WISH TO BELITTLE THE BISHOP. HE IS EVERY INCH A SCHOLAR, AND BEFORE A BODY OF COLLEGIATE MEN HE WOULD PROBABLE HAVE BEEN POWERFUL, BUT HE FAILED WITH THESE NEGROES, AND HE FAILED UTTERLY, GE DID NOT KNOW HIS AUDIENCE, AND HE EVIDENTLY KNEW NEITHER THE PRECISE PURPOSE OF HIS TALK NOR HOW TO ACCOPLISH IT.
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE PURPOSE OF AN ADDRESS? JUST THIS, EVERY TALK, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THE SPEAKER REALIZE IT OR NOT, HAS ONE OF FOUR MAJOR GOALS, WHAT ARE THEY?
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1. TO MAKE SOMETHING CLEAR.
2. TO IMPRESS AND CONVINCE.
3. TO GET ACTION.
4. TO ENTERTAIN.
❤ LET US ILLUSTRATE THESE BY A SERIES OF CONCRETE EXAMPLES ❤
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LINCOLN, WHO WAS ALWAYS MORE OR LESS INTERESTED IN MECHANICS, ONCE INVENTED AND PATENTED A DEVICE FOR LIFTING STRANDED BOATS OFF SAND BARS AND OTHER OBSTRUCTIONS. HE WORKED IN A MECHANIC'S SHOP NEAR HIS LAW OFFICE, MAKING A MODEL OF HIS APPARATUS. ALTHOUGH THE DEVICE FINALLY CAME TO NAUGHT, HE WAS DECIDEDLY ENTHUSIASTIC OVER ITS POSSIBILITIES. WHEN FRIENDS CAME TO HIS OFFICE TO VIEW THE MODEL, HE TOOK TO END OF PAINTS TO EXPLAIN IT. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THOSE EXPLANATIONS WAS CLEARNESS.
WHEN HE DELIVERED HIS IMMORTAL ORATION AT GETTYSBURG, WHEN HE GAVE HIS FIRST AND SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESSES, WHEN HENRY CLAY DIED AND LINCOLN DELIVERED AND EULOGY ON HIS LIFE - ON ALL THESE OCCASIONS, LINCOLN'S MAIN PURPOSE WAS IMPRESSIVENESS AND CONVICTION. HE HAD TO BE CLEAR OF COURSE, BECAUSE HE COULD BE CONVINCING, BUT, IN THESE INSTANCES, CLEARNESS, WAS NOT HIS MAJOR CONDIDERATION.
IN HIS TALKS TO JURIES, HE TRIED TO WIN FAVOURABLE DECISIONS, IN HIS POLITICAL TALKS, HE TRIED TO WIN VOTES. HIS PUPOSE, THEN, WAS ACTION.
TWO YEARS BEFORE HE WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT, LINCOLN PREPARED A LECTURE ON INVENTIONS. HIS PURPOSE WAS ENTERTAINMENT. AT LEAST, THAT SHOULD HAVE BEEN HIS GOAL, BUT HE WAS EVIDENTLY NOT VERY SUCCESSFUL IN ATTAINING IT. HIS CAREER AS A POPULAR LECTURER WAS, IN FACT, A DISTINCT DISSAPOINTMENT. IN ONE TOWN, NOT A PERSON CAME TO HEAR HIM.
BUT HE DID SUCCEED AND HE SUCCEEDED FAMOUSLY IN THE OTHER SPEECHES OF HIS I HAVE REFERRED TO. AND WHY? BECAUSE, IN THOSE INSTANCE, HE KNEW HIS GOAL, AND HE KNEW HOW TO ACHIEVE IT. HE KNEW WHERE HE WANTED TO GO AND HOW TO GET THERE. HE KNEW WHERE HE WANTED TO GO AND HOW TO GET THERE. AND BECAUSE SO MANY SPEAKERS DON'T KNOW JUST THAT, THEY OFTEN FLOUNDER AND COME TO GRIEF.
FOR EXAMPLES, I ONCE SAW A UNITED STATES CONGRESS MAN HOOTED AND HISSED AND FORCED TO LEAVE THE STAGE OF THE OLD NEW YORK HIPPODROME, BECAUSE HE HAD - UNCONSCIOUSLY NO DOUBT, BUT NEVERTHELESS, UNWISELY - CHOSEN CLEARNESS AS HIS GOAL. IT WAS DURING THE LAST WAR. HE TALKED TO HIS AUDIENCE ABOUT HOW THE UNITED STATES WAS PREPARING. THE CROWD DID NOT WANT TO BE INSTRUCTED. THEY WANTED TO BE ENTERTAINED. THEY LISTENED TO HIM PATIENTLY, POLITELY, FOR TEN MINUTES, A QUARTER OF AN HOUR, HOPING THE PERFORMANCE WOULD COME TO A RAPID END. BUT IT DIDN'T. HE RAMBLED ON AND ON, PATIENCE SNAPPED AND THE AUDIENCE WOULD NOT STAND FOR MORE. SOMEONE BEGAN TO CHEER IRONICALLY. OTHERS TOOK IT UP. IN A MOMENT, A THOUSAND PEOPLE WERE WHISTLING AND SHOUTING. THE SPEAKER OBTUSE AND INCAPABLE AS HE WAS OF SENSING THE TEMPER OF HIS AUDIENCE, HAD THE AS HE WAS OF SENSING THE TEMPTER OF HIS AUDIENCE, HAD THE BAD TASTE TO CONTINUE. THE AROUSED THEM. A BATTEL WAS ON. THEIR IMPATIENCE MOUNTED TO IRE. THEY DETERMINED TO SILENCE HIM. LOUDER AND LOUDER GREW THEIR STORM OF PROTEST. FINALLY, THE ROAR OF IT, THE ANGER OF IT DROWNED HIS WORDS - HE COULD NOT HAVE BEEN HEARD TWENTY FEET AWAY. SO HE WAS FORCED TO GIVE UP, ACKNOWLEDGE DEFEAT, AND RETIRE IN HUMALIATION.
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